A
ABSTRACT MEMORY:
This is a form of (Long-Term ) Memory that is also refered to as Semantic Memory. It has a huge capacity for recalling the meaning of events or objects. 
ACCESSORY CELLS:
Cells that, originating from germinal cells (spongioblasts), contribute to the support, nourishment, conduction, and repair of neurons; occasionally the origins of tumors. The accessory cells are the astrocytes; oligodendrocytes; and ependymal, microglial, and Schwann cells.
ACTION POTENTIAL:
The brief electrical impulse by which information is conducted along an Axon. It results from brief changes in the membrane's permeability to potassium and sodium ions.
AMYGDALA:
A set of nuclei in the base of the Temporal Lobe; part of the Limbic System.
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA:
The inability to remember events subsequent to some disturbance of the brain such as head injury, electroconvulsive shock, or certain degenerative diseases.
ANESTHESIA:
Hypnosis has been used in Dentistry to anesthetize every other tooth in a willing subject; a phenomenon which can not be duplicated with conventional drug usage.
ARCUATE FASCICULUS:
A long bundle of fibers joining Wernicke's and Broca's areas.
ATTENTION:
...The ability to focus in a sustained manner on one activity. Attention is a term used to designate a family of mechanisms for selecting that part of a stimulus array which is to capture the center of awareness, and for holding the other potentially distracting stimuli at bay.
AXON:
The term Axon, in a physiological sense, applies to a fiber that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell body, and thus is an efferent fiber or process.
B
James BRAID:
In his early theory, Dr. Braid used the name of the Greek god of sleep (Hypnos) to create the term Hypnotism, (as he renamed 'Animal Magnetism'), which he introduced in his book, «Neurypnology, The Rationale Of Nervous Sleep (1843).»
Josef BREUER:
The colaborative work of Breuer and Freud led to the publication of important clinical findings in their «Studies on Hysteria (1895).» In this publication, they demonstrated the use of the
abreactive method of Hypnosis as a Cathartic therapeutic tool; by raising to consciousness the memories and related emotions deriving from traumatic events immediately responsible for producing hysterical symptoms in those patients.
BROCA'S AREA:
A region of the left Frontal Lobe (Frontal Operculum) believed to be involved in the production of spoken language. Damage results in Broca's Aphasia.
BRODMANN'S MAP:
A map of the Cerebral Cortex devised by Brodmann; it is based on cytoarchitectonic structure and labels anatomical areas by number. (It conforms remarkably closely to functional areas based on lesion and recording studies.)
C
CATALEPSY:
(As seen in cases of mental illness), catalepsy is a morbid condition characterized by waxy rigidity of the limbs, which may be placed in various positions that are maintained for extended periods of time; lack of response to stimuli; slow pulse and respiration; and pale skin (...a Trance-like state).
CELL ASSEMBLY:
A hypothetical collection of neurons that become functionally connected; proposed by Hebb to be the basis of ideation, perception, and memory.
Jean Martin CHARCOT:
From the various clinical manifestations of hysterical symptoms, along with experimentation, Charcot and his colleagues arrived at the concept of Dissociation.
Armand CHASTENET - Marquis de Puysègur:
The Marquis is recognized for the pivotal importance of Mesmerically-induced Somnambulistic States.
CORPUS CALLOSUM:
This is the anatomical structure responsible for providing the major connections of the the two hemispheres in a point-to-point or Topographic manner.
D
DECLARATIVE MEMORY:
The type of memory that is illustrated by the ability of an individual to recount the details of events, including time, place, and circumstances, as compared with the ability to perform some act or behavior. Quite literally it refers to the ability to recount what one knows. This ability is lost in many types of amnesia.
DEEP HYPÑOTIC TRANCE:
Such Hypnotic States as these are established in those subjects who are capable of opening their eyes during the Trance, (at the request of the hypnotist or within the state of Self-Hypnosis), while simultaneously maintaining their already established state of Dissociation.
DENDRITE:
Dendrites are branching processes that receive stimuli and conduct impulses generaated by those stimuli toward the nerve cell body. These are afferent processes.
DISSOCIATION:
This is an acquired mental mechanism, established in hypnotic trance, in which the subject sustains a temporary alteration in their integrative functions of consciousness and/or identity!
E
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER):
This is an extensive internal membrane system in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes attatch to part of the ER to form the rough ER.
EPISODIC MEMORY:
This form of memory has its main centers distributed within the Hippocampus and the Frontal lobes of the Neocortex.
F
FOREBRAIN:
This the term for the Cerebral Hemispheres, Basal Ganglia, Thalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Septum.
Sigmud FREUD
Dr.Freud asserted that the dissociated set of impulses found in the hystrionic patient must be qualitatively different from those found in the mainstream of their personal consciousness, and therefore must have been «pushed» from awareness, (a form of Amnesia) as an act of self protection from the apparent 'Psychological Conflict.'
FRONTAL LOBE:
This portion of the brain consists of all the Neocortex forward of the Central Sulcus. The Frontal lobes and pre-Frontal areas of the brain (those parts to the cerebral hemispheres which lie anterior to the motor regions), have been considered to be the locus of the Higher Intellect or Higher Consciousness of the human brain.
G
GAP JUNCTIONS:
Gap junctions are constructed of 12 copies of a single protein formed into a transmembrane channel that interconnects the cytoplasm of two adjacent neurons, allowing small molecules to pass between them.
GLABELLA:
That special area just between the eyebrows, filled with nerve endings, which facillitates Trance Induction.
GLIAL CELL:
Support Cells of the Central Nervous System.
GOLGI APPARATUS:
This is a complex of parallel membranes inthe cytoplasm that wraps the product of a secretory cell or a protein manufactured by a nerve cell. Also known as Golgi Body.
GRAY MATTER:
Any brain area composed predominantly of cell bodies.
H
HABITUATION:
This is the gradual quantative decrease of a response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
HYPÑOIDAL TRANCE:
Hypñoidal Trance may be characterized as a highly fluid and volatile transitional state, which fluctuates between waking consciousness on the one hand, and sleep or Hypnosis on the other.
HYPÑOTIC AMNESIA:
Selective Hypnotic Amnesia is not necessarily spontaneous. This phenomenon is facilitated, if within the Trance induction procedure, the subject has received repeated suggestions of drowsiness and sleep (since most people believe they do not remember the contents of dreams when they awaken).
HYPÑOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY:
The responsiveness of an individual to Hypñotic Suggestion.
I
IDEODYNAMIC RESPONSES:
Ideodynamic Responses are those Automatic or Conditioned Responses that are generated at an Unconscious level by an individual in response to stimuli that are percieved either externally or internally.
IDEOAFFECTIVE RESPONSES:
EMOTIONAL MANIFESTATIONS to mental experiences are often referred to as IdeoAffective Responses.
IDEOMOTOR RESPONSES:
The body's Unconscious reactions to one's thoughts, (body language), are often referred to as IdeoMotor Responses.
IDEOSENSORY RESPONSES:
SENSORY MANIFESTATIONS of an individual's mental experiences, are often referred to as IdeoSensory Responses.
INTERNEURON:
This is any Neuron lying between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.
J
Pierre JANET:
Dr. Janet is credited for first having employed the technique of searching for affect-charged traumatic memories, in his therapeutic approach of patients. In many of his patients, unconscious memories of emotionally traumatic events were uncovered while they were in Hypnotic Trance; giving rise to a better understanding and explanation of the origin and specific nature of their hysterical neurotic symptoms. This technique ultimately led Janet (1898) to «The Traumatic Theory,» as a genesis of neurotic illnesses.
JUXTAPOSITION:
A position side by side.
K
KINESTHESIS:
The perception of movement or position of the limbs and body; commonly used to refer to the perception of changes in angle of the joints.
L
LATERALIZATION:
The process whereby functions come to be located primarily on one side of the brain.
M
MEDITATION:
Meditation utilizes concentration in its highest form. Concentration consists of freeing the attention from distractions and in focusing it on any thought in which one may be interested. Meditation in its highest form is that special form of concentration in which the attention has been liberated from restlessness and is so focused on God. Meditation in its hightest form can be, therefore, concentration used to know God!
MEMORY vs. HYPNOSIS:
Hypnosis, when utilized with the idea in mind that memory is actually the active process of reconstructing previously stored experiences, can become quite an effective mechanism in recalling long forgotten experiences. And as a tool for effective study and memory, it has proven to be invaluable!
Franz Anton MESMER:
Although he did not directly conceive of the concept of the human unconscious, he was first to focus the attention of the scientific community upon those observations, which ultimately led to developing the concept of the Human Unconsious.
MESMERISM:
Early in its development, Hypnosis was considered to be the product of some mysterious emenation from the hypnotist which impacted upon his subject.
MIGRAINE:
The type of headache characterized by an aching, throbbing pain, frequently unilateral. It may be preceded by a visual aura presumed to result from ischemia of the Occipital cortex induced by vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries.
MODERATELY DEEP TRANCE:
Using the Waking Method, Sleeping Method, Narco Hypnosis or the like; this level of induction is best described as being in a continuum of Levels 25 thru 28. This state of Hypnotic Trance goes beyond the Deep Hypnotic Trance, in that Dissociation is manitained with eyes opened, while the subject manifests Complete Somnambulism.
N
NARCOLEPSY:
A sleep disorder that usually appears in young adulthood, consisting of recurring episodes of sleep during the day, and often disrupted nocturnal sleep; frequently accompanied by cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations; a genetically determined disease.
NARCOLEPTIC:
A sleep inducing drug. A person with Narcolepsy.
NEURON:
The basic unit of the nervous system; the nerve cell; its function is to transmit and store information; includes the Cell Body (Soma), many processes called Dendrites, and an Axon.
NEUROTRANSMITTER:
A chemical released from a synapse in response to an action potential and acting on postsynaptic receptors to change the resting potential of the receiving cell; chemically transmits information from one neuron to another.
O
OCCIPITAL LOBE:
A general area of the Cortex lying in the back portion of the head.
P
PARIETAL LOBE:
The lobe in the brain responsible for cognition.
PREFERRED COGNITIVE MODE:
The use of one type of thought process in preference to another, for example, Visuospatial instead of Verbal; sometimes attributed to the assumed superior function of one hemisphere over the other.
PRIMARY CORTEX:
The areas of the Cortex that first receive projections from sensory system of that projects most directly to muscles.
PRIMARY PROCESS THINKING:
Certain aspects of right hemispheric functioning (... thinking) are congruent with the mode of cognition psychoanalysts have termed Primary Process Thinking; the form of thought Freud originally assigned to the unconscious system.
PROCEDURAL MEMORY:
The memory for certain ways of doing things or for certain vovements. This memory system is thought to be independent from memory used to "tell about" the ability (ie, discursive memory).
PROFOUNDLY DEEP TRANCE:
Using the Waking Method, Sleeping Method, Narco Hypnosis or the like; this level of induction is best described as being in a continuum of Levels 29 thru 30. This is indeed a lofty goal for an individual to experience! At this level of Trance, the subject is capable of the suggested experiences of Negative Hallucinations, (produced selectively in Profoundly Deep Trance States).
Q
QUITE HEMISPHERE:
The Quite Hemisphere is another term for the Right Hemisphere of the Human brain, which is considered responsible for processing information on a more symbolic or metaphorical level.
R
RELAXATION vs. HYPNOSIS:
Actual physical relaxation is not a necessary prerequisite for Hypnotic Trance to occur.
RESISTIBILITY vs. HYPNOSIS:
Whether The Trance State is the product of a psychological relationship established between the Hypnotist and his subject, ... or is the result of some physiological phenomenon experienced by the subject; the fact remains that it is an alteration in the normal waking state of consciousness of that individual, that the individual is always able to resist.
RETICULAR FORMATION:
This structure is a mixture of nerve cells and fibers in the lower and ventral portion of the Brainstem, extending from the spinal cord to the Thalamus and giving rise to important ascending and descending systems. Also known as the Reticular Activating System.
RETROGRADE AMNESIA:
The inability to remember events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA):
This is a complex macromolecule composed of a sequence of nucleotide bases attatched to a sugar-phosphate backbone. Messenger RNA (mRNA) delivers genetic information from a portion of a chromosome to a Ribosome (ribosomal or rRNA), where the appropriate molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) assemble the appropriate amino acids to produce the polypeptide coded for by the active portion of the chromosome.
S
SAVANT SYNDROME:
This is a syndrome characterized by various degrees of mental challange along with some special, and often times, Supernormal Skill.
SELF-HYPNOSIS (The CD): This specially designed CD incorporates the use of Music and Hypnotic Imagery. The user of this CD will discover that this method of Self-Hypnotic Trance Induction can provide his Mïnd with the mental ability to be deeply relaxed and highly focused anywhere, and at any time!
SELF-HYPNOSIS & MIRACLES (The CD): Creating Miracles in our lives is no more complicated than understanding and aligning ourselves with the MetaPhysical Laws of our Universe.! This Personal Training CD is designed to assist its listeners with the production of Miracles in their own personal lives, with the use of a Seven Step Method that incorporates Self-Hypnosis and Creative Visualization along with Central Self-Image Thinking techniques!
SELF-HYPNOSIS & SMOKING (The CD): This CD stops you from smoking and teaches you how to deal with the reasons why you smoke, now.! You will be able to resist the urges to smoke every time they hit you and you will be able to resist all of those urges until they have passed.
SELF-HYPNOTIC LEARNING (The CD): This specially designed CD, with the use of Direct Suggestions and Conditioned Responses, produces a Deep State of Trance in its user. It teaches the user how to retrieve this state while in any public setting, in the classroom, and/or while studying or test taking. Allowing the individual access to whatever has been studied and learned before - with ease and with total recall, and not one person will know what it is that he is doing!
SELF-HYPNOTIC MEDITATION (The CD):
This very Personal Training CD is designed to assist its listener with the production of a Meditative Consciousness; where the intellect is replaced by the Mïnd and, feelings or emotions are replaced by the principle which is best described as Intuition (Inspiration, or Understanding).
SELF-HYPNOTIC VISUALIZATION (The CD):
This Personal Training CD takes you through a series of Visualizations and Mental Exercises so that the precise techniques for
"Self-Image Thinking" are learned, enhansed, and directed toward the production of a Private Mental and Emotional Sanctuary for its user.
SLEEP vs. HYPNOSIS:
Although in sleep and Hypnosis alike, one's awareness of their outer environment is reduced; while in the state of Hypnosis one's focal awareness (--awareness of their selected object of concentration --) is at it's optimal capacity. In sleep, one's focal awareness is almost completely obliterated!
SOMNAMBULISM: A state of sleep walking, when induced by Hypnosis, in which complex motor activity may take place and may be either forgotten or not remembered by the subject.
STAGE HYPNOSIS:
The Basic Principle of Stage Hypnosis is that the performer selects individuals who are willing and are able to respond to his suggestions irrespective of whether they are 'awake' or in an hypnotic trance.
STUCK IN TRANCE:
It is impossible to be stuck in a Trance!
SUGGESTIBILITY TESTS:
These are maneuvors used to induce Hypnosis.
T
THALAMUS:
The Thalamus.
TRACT:
A large collection of axons coursing together within the Central Nervous System.
U
UNCINATE FASCICULUS:
The fiberous tract connecting the Temperal and Frontal Cortex; a hooked and curved tract.
V
VERBAL HEMISPHERE:
The Left Hemisphere. This hemisphere tends to be sequential, temporal and digital, dealing with rapid changes in time and analyzing stimmuli in terms of their details and features.
VISUALIZATION:
The ability to form a mental image of an object.
W
WEAK-MINDEDNESS vs. HYPNOSIS:
Historically many researchers considered a good hypnotic subject to be a person with a "WEAK MIND". Pierre Janet (1858- 1947) along with his collegues at The Salpêtrière School in Paris, viewed Hypnosis as being an artificially induced state of hysteria and was therefore a physiological phenomenon. He considered hysteria to be an inherited physiological deficiency of binding nervous energy which at that time had been hypothesized as being necessary in order to bind all the neural processes and their associated mental functions into one unified whole, (or normal individual personality).
WERNICKE'S AREA:
The area of the brain which is considered the center of language understanding.
WHITE MATTER:
Those areas of the brain within the Central Nervous System rich in axons covered with Glial Cells are most often called 'White Matter.'
WILL POWER vs. HYPNOSIS:
A Hypnotized person is not a will-less automaton! Every person has a will of their own, but some people choose not to exercise their capacity to make choices, giving the responsibility for themselves to others to manage.
X
XENON:
A gaseous element, symbol Xe, atomic no. 54, atomic weight 141.30; present in minute proportions in the atmosphere; produces general anesthesia in concentrations of 70 vol. percent.
Y
YAWN
The involuntary opening of the mouth, usually accompanied by a movement of respiration; it may be a sign of drowsiness or of vital depression, as after hemorrhage, but is often caused by suggestion.
Z
ZIPPER HYPOTHESIS:
The Zipper Hypothesis is a prominent working hypothesis which aserts that the Corpus Callosum knits together the representations of the midpoints of the body and spaces that are divided by the longitudinal fissure of the brain.
