HÛMAN MEMORY
is a neurological process that takes place within the Higher Centers of the brain, resulting in relatively permanent behavioral changes. It is the continuity of memories which is basic to ones awareness of self. It is when consciousness is interrupted by sleep or in other ways such as Hypnosis, that the sense of self is restored by ones reorientation through memory.
Human memory is a dynamic and indemonstrable phenomenon. There is, in fact, no specific region of the CNS that anyone can point to as being The Place where we remember.
Human memory is not stored in a Place , but is the manifestation of activity envolving the entire brain (an active process of Neuronal Connectivity). Networks of neurons critical for normal memory include areas of the anterior Temporal cortex, the medial Temporal region, the medial Thalamus, the Mamillary bodies, the Hippocampus and para-Hippocampal gyrus, and also the basal forebrain. These areas are important for the remembering of different types of information, but even this specialization is a relative rather than an absolute. 
MEMORY (or the process of remembering), should not be regarded as the mere revival of previous experiences; but rather, as the active process of reconstructing previously encoded information. The Hûman Mïnd can retain an almost unlimited amount of information, stretching backward for a lifetime, however, memories are recalled on the basis of our perceptions.
Hypnosis can affect memory in a variety of ways. It can precipitate interference with recall (Hypnotic Amnesia). It can enhance recall through Age Regression!
Willam James (1890)
First purposed the idea that there were two different types of memory. The first was called Primary (or Immediate Memory); one that endured for a very brief time. The other he called Secondary Memory; the knowledge of a former state of Mïnd after it has already dropped from consciousness. The Frontal lobe is in control of what is often referred to as the neural record of recent events!
D.E. Broadbent (1958)
Introduced into the lexicon of the scientific community the idea of Short-Term and Long-Term memory. Neuropsychological evidence now supports the concept of STM vs. LTM, since patients may suffer one kind of memory loss and not the other (Anterograde amnesia vs Retrograde amnesia).
Recent research however, has demonstrated that memory has several components. Information stored as memory goes through three stages: Immediate Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term Memory. All memory stages have two fundamental characteristics: Capacity; how many bits of information can be held, and Duration; how long the information can be held there.
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WHILE DIFFERENTIATIONS BETWEEN
Immediate, Short-Term, and Long-Term Memories have been made, there are several terms which are often employed to distinguish different Forms of memory. Perhaps the most useful distinctions of these is between declarative and procedural memories.
Declarative Memories are those facts that are accessible to conscious recall, that is, they are memories that we can recount. The various facts on this Web-page, if remembered, would be considered declarative memories.
Procedural
Memories are skills and automatic operations that are not stored with respect to specific terms or places. They are often skills we have learned to do, such as motor skills. Procedural Memory and its neural circuitry develops more rapidly than Procedural Memory and its circuitry.
Semantic Memory is a form of memory in Hypnosis in which factual information taught while in Hypnosis is recalled, although the source of the memory is forgotten (ie. the Hypnotic Trance itself)! This learned material can be classified as semantic memory.
Cryptomnesia involves the remembering of information without recognition of it as a memory. This suggests that individuals can retrieve recently acquired information from memory without experiencing the information as the recall of something that has been recently learned.
Amnesia Three terms are used to describe loss of memory. Amnesia - refers to the partial or total loss of memory. A difficulty in recalling events prior to the onset of amnesia is known as Retrograde Amnesia. An inability to remember events subsequent to the onset of amnesia is known as Anterograde Amnesia.
Amnestic Syndrome refers to a discrete disorder of memory caused by structural disturbance of the CNS. This appears to involve, usually bilaterally, areas of the diencephalon or medial portion of the Temporal lobes, or both. Patients usually display difficulties with both Short-Term Memory (Anterograde Amnesia) and Long-Term Memory (Retrograde Amnesia).
Transient Global Amnesia: This form of amnesia presents with a sudden onset and includes both retrograde and anterograde amnisia, without an obvious precipitation cause. Little is actually known of its etiology, however, it has been linked to concussion, Migraine Cephalgia, hypoglycemia, and epilepsy. The most probable explanation appears to be vascular interruption in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery, from either transient ischemic attacks or embolism.
«Infantile Amnesia»
This is a form of anmesia that is experienced by everyone. Events or things experienced or learned in infancy are forgotten. The paradoxical aspect of infantile amnesia is that it is the early years that are generally regarded as being a time of critical importance in a child's development, yet these years are not remembered in adulthood. Evidence suggests that memory of early childhood begins in late preschool or early grade school years.
- Infantile amnesia appears to have three plausible explanations.
- First:
- The information may actually continue to be present but may be no longer retrievable. Suggesting that, as the forebrain develops it either disrupts the memory or block its retrieval. Because in human ontogeny the brain clearly develops functionally in the Caudorostral sequence, this simple explanation of infantile amnesia is plausible. In other words, as the new areas in the forebrain mature and become functional (particularly the Cerebral Hemispheres), they preclude access to the memories that have been laid down earlier.
- Second:
- A similar explanation of infantile amnesia suggests that one memory system is used by infants and yet another develops for adults. Memories are lost because they are not stored in the new, adult system.
- Third:
- A reasonable explanation is that the problem is of an anatomical or cellular nature. As neurons mature, more and more dendritic processes grow. These interfere with the established memories which are thus lost.
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