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Ñ A R C O
Drugs and Hypnosis

H Y P N Ö S I S
By Ther°al L . Bynum, M.D.


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      Narco Hypnotic Induction of the Trance State utilizes a technique which is usually a variation of the "Sleeping Method".   The difference being based upon the fact that medications are employed in order to produce the trance state in the subject, where verbal induction methods have been unsuccessful,
or simply to accelerate the induction process!

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      MOST CLINICIANS, who have employed the method of Narco Hypnosis, agree on certain points in the general procedure.   For instance, it has been found that, once a deep Soporific Hypnosis has been attained with the aid of a drug adjuvant, subsequent Hypnotic Trance States may be readily induced without the drug, and hence with verbal induction methods alone.
   The drug should be dispensed with, as soon as possible, to avoid a possible dependence or addiction.
   Sometimes the patient is accessible only for a short time as he enters the state of narcosis and as he emerges from it, and often becomes drowsy too soon to make any real contact possible.
   In addition, the patient often has amnesia for the period of narcosis.   This phenomenon may give rise to a major disadvantage of drug usage in a therapeutic setting, in that the therapy, whether of the supressive or Uncovering type, may take on the character of a compartmentalized or Split-Off experience.

      The production of hypermnesia in narco hypnosis differentiates it from simple narcosis, in which there are varying degrees of drowsiness with confusion, disorientation, and incoherence.

      In the past, sleep was considered to be a passive process of the brain.   The revolutionary discovery of the ascending Reticular Activating System (R.A.S.) by Moruzzi and Magoun changed this idea.   Today sleep is considered an active process, regulated by the R.A.S.!   Increase in the activity brings about wakefulness, and diminution of the activity brings about the two states of sleep. !




There are several ways of producing the Trance State, Directly and/or Indirectly!
   While some clinicians prefer the use of medications, the basic elements of trance induction usually include the following:



  1. Setting up an Emotional Relationship
    between the hypnotist and subject.

  2. Limitation of Sensory intake and Motor output.

  3. Fixation of Attention; and

  4. Repetition of Monotonous Stimulation!





     I. Setting up an Emotional Relationship
between the hypnotist and subject.


      Establishing an emotional relationship with the subject can be done in a variety of ways.   It is always good to set the subject at ease by having a comfortable couch for him to sit on.   This should be in a room that is quiet and free from any out side noises or visual distractions.   The lighting should be subdued, but not too dark, so as not to invite sleep.   And make sure the room temperature is at a comfortable setting.

      Once the subject is sitting comfortably, a brief discussion about hypnosis is in order.   Try to determine what the subject already knows about hypnosis, and if he has had any prior experiences with hypnotic inductions (good or bad).   Also a brief explanation of what not to expect or to be worried about would be in order.

(See Mïsconceptiöns Mïsconceptiöns )

      Finally (and not necessarily in this order), ask the subject if he would like to use your rest room facilities prior to the session, so as not to disrupt the session in mid-progress.   (Any bodily needs should be cared for on your own part as well before the session!)  Remember, ....... Comfort ... First Once the hypnotist is satisfied that he has established a good pre-hypnotic rapport, and has made the subject comfortable in a chair or on a couch, he then proceeds. !

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     II.  Limitation of Sensory intake and Motor output.

      The first step in the induction of Trance phenomena is to take the bothersomness of the external environment out of your conscious mind. !

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      Before the actual trance is attempted, a number of maneuvers are often employed, to serve as an introduction.   These maneuvers are called tests of Suggestibility, but they most probably represent the same phenomena induced by the method of  Waking Hypnosis! 

(SeeHypnotic Suggestibility Suggestibility )



Trance Induction Begins:



      There are a variety of drugs that may have narcosis advantages, such as
The Sedative- Hypnotics!


      The primary use of sedative-hypnotic drugs is to produce drowsiness and to promote sleep.Drugs   The application of the term sedative to this group in inaccurate.   Dating from an era when sedative-hypnotic drugs (other than alcohol, opioids, and belladonna) were the only drugs that could be used to calm an anxious and/or disturbed patient.   With the proliferation of psychopharmacological agents, the drugs traditionally discribed as Sedative- Hypnotics have come to play a lesser role in daytime sedation.

      A sedative drug decreases activity, moderates excitement, and calms the patient.   An hypnotic drug produces drowsiness and facilitates the onset and maintinance of a state of sleep that resembles natural sleep (as per EEG) and from which the patient can be easily aroused; this effect is sometimes called Hypnosis.
   Sedation, pharmacological hypnosis, and general anesthesia are regarded as only increasing depths of a continuum of CNS depression.   Indeed most sedative or hypnotic drugs, when used in high doses, can induce general anesthesia.   One important exception, however, is the Benzodiazepines!

      The first agent to be used specifically as a sedative and later as an hypnotic was Bromide.   Only four other sedative hypnotics were in use before 1900, (Chloral hydrate, Paraldehyde, Urethane, and Sulfonal).   Barbital was introduced in 1903 followed by Phenobarbital in 1912.

      In the body, there are pores present within capillary membranes that allow for passage of substrates in the blood stream.   Within the brain, in contrast, these capillaries are tightly joined together and covered on the outside by a fatty barrier called the Glial Sheith, provided by nearby astrocyte cells - producing what is known as the Blood Brain BarrierSee Glial Cell



Many Drugs
Barbiturates
Aldehydes (Chloral hydrate)
Paraldehyde 4 to 8 grams (maximum 12 grams)
Sodium Amytal ( used for catatonic schizophrenics)
Sodium Pentothal
Scopolamine and Chloralose
Nitrous Oxide
Evipan Sodium (IV, 10% solution @ 1ml/min (1 to 3 ml.) )
Acetylene derivatives
Acyclic hypnotics containing nitrogen
Piperidinediones
Imidazopyridines



      As an example, let us consider use of the drugs scoploamine and chloralose incorporated in the Narco Hypnosis setting.   The advantages of these drugs are that they are useful in producing Post Hypnotically Suggested amnesias, and hallucinations! See Trance Level 24
   This accessibility (giving suggestions to the unconscious) is greatest at the beginning of drug-induced anesthesia.   Narco Hypnosis follows within two to four hours after administration of the drug, and verbal hypnotic methods are introduced only after the patient has shown signs of drousiness.   With patients, therapeutic suggestions and/or explorations can now begin.   The patient is allowed to sleep for four to five hours, providing an opportunity for Unconscious Rumination!

      Benzodiazepines   are not general neuronal depressants, as are the barbituates.   In man, as the dose of a benzodiazepine is increased, sedation progresses to hypnosis and hypnosis to stupor, as observed with general CNS depressants.    The drugs do not create true anesthesia, since awareness usually persists.   However, anterograde amnesia may occur.
      As with all sedative-hypnotic drugs, preanesthetic doses of benzodiazepines impair recent memory and interfere with the establishment of the memory trace.   Hence they cause anterograde amnesia for events that occur subsequent to the administration of the drug.   Verbal retrieval is markedly depressed for material presented shortly after the administration of benzodiazepines or other "amnestics." !

      Chloral Hydrate   has received considerable attention because it does not significantly suppress REM sleep in doses of 500 to 1000mg.   It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral or rectal administration in doses of 500mg - 2 gr.   Chloral hydrate is rapidly reduced to trichloroethanol in the liver and other bodily tissues.   The metabolic transformation is so rapid that it is difficult to detect any appreciable chloral hydrate blood levels.   Sleep occurs within 1 hour and lasts 4 to 8 hours.
   It is believed that the initial hypnotic effect of chloral hydrate is exerted by the drug, but the more prolonged effect is caused by trichloroethanol.   The site of choloral hydrate action is the rostral R.A.S.See Reticular Formation
      The deactivation is observed on the EEG.   Chloral hydrate has no analgesic or tranquilizing effect and is devoid of adverse respiratory effects.   In addition to an unpleasant taste and odor, it often irritates the gastrointestinal tract, causing nausea and vomiting. !



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a service of  Ther°al L . Bynum, M.D.
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last update:   March - 2010.Aum

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